Cerebrum

Orbitofrontal Cortex

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Frontal Lobe

The largest of the four major lobes of the brain, located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere. It is primarily involved in executive functions such as voluntary movement, expressive language, planning, decision-making, and personality.

Precentral Gyrus : The prominent gyrus located immediately anterior to the central sulcus. It contains the primary motor cortex and is chiefly responsible for executing voluntary motor movement

Primary Motor Cortex (M1) : Located in the precentral gyrus. It is the main source of signals that control the movement of the contralateral side of the body.

Premotor Area (PMA) : Located anterior to M1 (part of BA 6). Involved in the motor planning and orientation of the body/limbs in space, and selecting movements appropriate to the context.

Premotor Area / Supplementary Motor Area (PMA/SMA) : Collectively, BA 6 is responsible for planning and sequencing movements. SMA is particularly important for planning self-initiated and complex sequences of movement.

Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) : The most anterior part of the frontal lobe. It mediates executive functions such as working memory, planning, abstract thinking, decision-making, and regulating social behavior.

Dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) : Involved in working memory, cognitive flexibility, planning, and strategic organization. Crucial for "cold" (non-emotional) executive functions.

Ventromedial PFC (VMPFC) : Involved in regulating emotion, risk and fear processing, and moral decision-making. Integrates visceral and emotional information into decision-making.

Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC) : Located above the orbits (eye sockets). Involved in reward-based learning, assigning value to outcomes, and impulse control.

Inferior Frontal Gyrus (IFG) : A gyrus on the lateral surface of the frontal lobe that contains Broca's area.

Broca's Area : Located in the IFG, usually in the left hemisphere. Primarily responsible for speech production (articulation and motor programming).

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Parietal Lobe

Situated behind the frontal lobe and above the temporal lobe. It is responsible for processing sensory information from the body, including touch, temperature, pain, and pressure, and for integrating sensory input to form a single perception (cognition). It also plays a role in spatial awareness and navigation.

Postcentral Gyrus : The prominent gyrus located immediately posterior to the central sulcus. It contains the primary somatosensory cortex.

Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1) : Located in the postcentral gyrus. It is the main receptive area for the sense of touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception (body position).

Inferior Parietal Lobule (IPL) : Composed of the angular and supramarginal gyri. It is involved in various functions including language processing, spatial cognition, and attention.

Angular Gyrus : Part of the IPL. Plays a key role in reading (conversion of visual words to auditory code), mathematical cognition, and semantic processing.

Supramarginal Gyrus : Part of the IPL. Involved in phonological processing of words and assisting in auditory short-term memory.

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Temporal Lobe

Located beneath the lateral fissure on the side of each hemisphere. Its main functions include processing auditory information (hearing), memory (especially declarative memory), emotion, and comprehending language

Superior Temporal Gyrus :The most superior gyrus of the temporal lobe. Contains the primary auditory cortex and Wernicke's area.

Primary Auditory Cortex (A1, BA 41, 42): Located in the STG. It is the first cortical area to process auditory information (sound frequency, intensity).

Wernicke's Area (BA 22): Primarily responsible for language comprehension and understanding speech.

Medial Temporal Lobe : The inner portion of the temporal lobe. Critical for memory formation and storage.

Hippocampal Formation : Essential for forming new long-term memories (learning and memory consolidation) and spatial navigation.

Amygdala : Primarily involved in processing and regulating emotion, especially fear, and plays a role in emotional memory.

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Occipital Lobe

The smallest lobe, located at the back portion of the brain. Its primary function is the processing, integration, and interpretation of visual information from the eyes.

Pericalcarine Sulcus : The region surrounding the calcarine sulcus, which delineates the primary visual cortex.

Primary Visual Cortex (V1, BA 17): Located along the calcarine sulcus. It is the first cortical area to receive and process visual information from the eyes.

Cuneus / Fusiform Gyrus : Processes upper visual field information.Involved in object and face recognition

Visual Association Cortex (V2-V5, BA 18, 19):Surrounds V1. Responsible for the further processing and interpretation of visual input, including color, motion, depth, and form.